Electroreduction of cefetamet on mercury platinum and gold electrodes

The electroreduction of cefetamet (CEF) using gold and platinum electrodes has been investigated in slightly alkaline medium (pH 8.40) where adsorption, previously observed at mercury electrode, was pronounced. This investigation was performed in order to determine whether the adsorption interfers with the reduction process even at solid electrodes and to compare with a mercury electrode

A study of the electrochemical activity of some macrolide antibiotics on a gold electrode in a neutral electrolyte

The aim of the present study is to present the different reactivity of azithromycin and clarithromycin (pure and commercial) at a gold electrode in neutral electrolyte using cyclic linear sweep voltammetry under the same experimental conditions. A gold electrode was successfully used for the electrochemical qualitative and quantitative determination of azithromycin dihydrate and azithromycin from capsules (Hemomycin®) and for the separation of azithromycin from one of the excipients, lactose monohydrate. The good catalytically activity of the gold electrode was employed only for the qualitative electrochemical determination of pure clarithromycin by appearance of one cathodic and four anodic reactions, which enabled structural changes in this molecule during electrochemical reactions to be studied. Commercial clarithromycin, Clathrocyn® was qualitative determined by one reproducible anodic reaction. The activity of one of the excipients, Avicel, observed as a cathodic peak at different potential from the cathodic peak obtained with pure clarithromicin was used for the determination of its presence in Clathrocyn® tablets. FTIR Analysis showed the apparent changes in structure of pure clarithromycin, as well as in the molecule of clarithromycin in Clathrocyn® tablets. HPLC Analysis showed a significant decrease in the concentration of azithromycin, Hemomycin® clarithromycin and Clathrocyn® after the electrochemical reactions

The electrochemical behavior of commercial clarithromycin and spectroscopic detection of its structural changes

The aim of the present study was to examine the behavior of commercial clarithromycin, Clathrocyn (R), comparing to the results previously obtained using pure clarithromycin under the same experimental conditions. The study was performed by cyclic linear sweep voltammetry and the bulk of electrolyte was analyzed by FTIR spectroscopy and HPLC. At gold electrode, in the range of -1.2 V to 1.0 V vs. SCE in 0.05 M NaHCO3, the electrochemical determination of pure clarithromycin was previously defined by four anodic and one cathodic reproductive peaks, and commercial clarithromycin is defined by reproductive one anodic peak which appears from 0.60 to 0.80 V vs. SCE. Previously, FTIR analysis of the bulk electrolyte showed the apparent changes in pure clarithromycin molecule structure: in the ester bond of the lactone and in ethers and acetal bonds. FTIR analysis of the bulk electrolyte also showed changes in the molecule structure in commercial-tablets form of clarithromycin: indicating disappearance of lactone structure and changes of carbonyl group at position 9

Spectrophotometric and electrochemical study of protolytic equilibria of some oximes-acetylcholinesterase reactivators

Newly synthesized oximes, mono and bis imidazole derivatives, which promise to be more effective acetylcholinesterase reactivators than standard antidotes used, were investigated by spectrophotometric and electrochemical methods. The electrochemical investigations confirmed the existence of overlapping equilibria, obtained by spectrophotometric methods. Dissociation constants of those oximes were also obtained by numerical treatment of overlapping equilibria, using the Lavendberg-Marquardt least square method, and when compared with the same for some similar compounds, were found to be very effective acetylcholinesterase reactivators. The distribution of ionic forms of the investigated oximes, as a dependence of pH values, was calculated from the obtained values of dissociation constants. The results indicated that many oxime anions will be available at physiological pH 7.4 and a relative increased ability to reactivate inhibited acetylcholinesterase could be expected. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved

Degradation of azithromycin using Ti/RuO2 anode as catalyst followed by DPV, HPLC-UV and MS analysis

The electrodegradation of azithromycin was studied by its indirect oxidation using dimensionally stable Ti/RuO2 anode as catalyst in the electrolyte containing methanol, 0.05 M NaHCO3, sodium chloride and deionized water. The optimal conditions for galvanostatic electrodegradation for the azithromycin concentration of 0.472 mg cm(-3) were found to be NaCl concentration of 7 mg cm(-3) and the applied current of 300 mA. The differential pulse voltammetry using glassy carbon electrode was performed for the first time in the above-mentioned content of electrolyte for the nine concentration of azithromycin (0.075-0.675 mg cm(-3)) giving the limits of azithromycin detection and of quantification as: LOD 0.044 mg cm(-3) and LOQ 0.145 mg cm(-3). The calibration curve was constructed enabling the electrolyte analysis during its electrodegradation process. The electrolyte was analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography and electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The electrooxidation products were identified and after 180 min there was no azithromycin in the electrolyte while TOC analysis showed that 79% of azithromycin was mineralized. The proposed degradation scheme is presented

The promoting effect of adsorbed carbon monoxide on the oxidation of alcohols on a gold catalyst

In heterogeneous catalysis and electrocatalysis, adsorbed carbon monoxide typically acts as a poison or poisoning intermediate in the oxidation of alcohols. However, gold as an (electro)catalyst often exhibits unexpected properties. Here we show that carbon monoxide irreversibly adsorbed on a Au(111) surface in aqueous alkaline media can act as a promoter for the electrocatalytic oxidation of certain alcohols, in particular methanol. In comparison with bare Au(111), the onset potential for methanol oxidation is significantly lower in the presence of adsorbed CO, and formation of the main methanol oxidation products-formaldehyde and formic acid-is enhanced. By studying the effect of adsorbed CO on the oxidation of other alcohols on gold, we conclude that the presence of adsorbed CO promotes beta-hydrogen elimination, that is, C-H bond breaking. Apart from its importance to gold catalysis, this is an unanticipated example of promotion effects by co-adsorbed small molecules in electrocatalysis